Illocutionary Acts of Donald Trump's Speech in The Capitol Building Washington DC

This article investigated and examined the illocutionary forms in Donald Trump's speech at the Washington DC Capitol building and explore the illocutionary functions of each of these utterances. This research was conducted with a qualitative descriptive design. Data for research, this is from Youtube about two months ago. about Donald Trump's inauguration speech. The research data is the explanation and intent of Donald Trump's speech at the inauguration via YouTube. The survey results show that: 1) There are five types of illocutionary in Donald Trump's inauguration speech on YouTube: representative, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative. 2) Categories found in Donald Trump's speech: stating, demanding, concluding, suggesting, commanding, promising, ordering, liking, mourning, and declaring. It can be concluded that in this study there are many illocutions in Donald Trump's speech so that he is able to convey the same or different meaning in the speech.


INTRODUCTION
A language is a communication tool used to interact among language users.The condition for the occurrence of communication itself is the presence of a speech and a speech partner.A language is a tool used in communicating and having an important role in expressing ideas or ideas to the wider community.The nature of language is for the sake of communication use, when someone expresses his ideas, it is not the only language that is needed but also needs understanding.With understanding, the communication relationship will be clear and smooth.In simple terms, communication can be interpreted as an activity of exchanging information between the speaker and the speaker interlocutor through a system of symbols, symbols, or signs as well as behavior in demand.
Language is a means of communication between members of the community in the form of sound symbols produced by human speech.Some may object to saying that language is not the only means of communication according by Gorys Keraf (1997:1).They show that two people or parties communicate using certain methods that have been mutually agreed upon.Thus, language is used as a communication tool for certain purposes, but it will vary according to situations and conditions.With this communication, we become aware of the ideas or ideas and what will be conveyed by our interlocutor or vice versa.Communication can be made in various ways, either orally or in writing, as well as through various means of communication.
According to Kridalaksana (1984: 24) language is an arbitrary system that is used to work together, interact, or identify oneself.Improving language as a symbol of meaning in spoken language, the symbol is manifested in the form of speech acts and in written language, the form of written symbols and both have their respective places.Humans use spoken and written language to communicate.Direct communication such as lectures, discussions, and questions and answers.While through the media, examples of advertisements on television, radio broadcasts, writing opinions or articles in magazines, newspapers, and others.
The science that studies language is linguistics.Linguistics as a science of language that examines and examines the intricacies of human natural language, not only internal aspects but also external parts, in its development has several branches or branches of science (Rahardi, 2003:9).One of the external branches of linguistics is pragmatics.Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between linguistic forms and the users of those forms (Yule, 2006: 3).
Pragmatic linguistics actually examines the speaker's intentions in the context of certain socio-cultural situations and environments (Rahardi 2003:16).Because pragmatics examines the speaker's intentions according to the context and social environment, the field of pragmatics studies is certainly related to politeness and politeness in language.Language politeness is a field of pragmatic study that has been widely studied and studied in depth by researchers.Pragmatics also examines speech acts in language, where speech acts is pragmatic phenomena relating to the actions of speakers shown through speech.Speech acts according to Yule (2006:82-84) are actions that are displayed through speech.The action shown by producing an utterance will contain three interrelated acts, namely locutionary speech acts, illocutionary speech acts, and perlocutionary speech acts.Locutionary speech acts are referred to as The Act of Saying Something.According to (Wijana, 2009) locutionary speech acts are speech acts that are relatively the easiest to identify because they tend to be carried out without including the speech context involved in the speech situation.
While the illocutionary speech act is the speaker forms speech with several functions in the mind.Illocutionary speech acts are displayed through the communicative emphasis of an utterance.An utterance in addition to functioning to say or inform something, can also be used to do something.Illocutionary speech acts are referred to as The Act of Doing Something.In the perlocutionary speech act, the speaker does not simply create an utterance that has a function without intending the utterance to have a consequence.A speech uttered by someone often has the power of influence or effect on those who hear it.This effect or influence can be intentionally or unintentionally reacted by the speaker.Speech acts whose utterances are intended to influence the interlocutor are called perlocutionary speech acts.This act is called "The Act of Affecting Someone." Based on this definition, the communication process is built by three components, namely participants, things to be informed, and tools.In participants, there are speakers and interlocutors, in terms of being informed, of course, many ideas, ideas, or thoughts about something.Whereas the third component, namely tools, is a means used to convey information that information.The means being discussed are codes or symbols (language).
Based on this explanation, it can be said that speakers and interlocutors who send codes or messages to each other need symbol (language) that supports the communication process.In other words, the main function of language is as a means of communication.In communication, one purpose or one function can be said in various ways forms, or types of speech.In connection with this, there is a context an analysis that discusses the form or type of speech that relates the relationship of language to social activities, namely sociolinguistic analysis.
In the pragmatic study, the three forms of speech acts, namely, locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary are common events that occur in everyday life.These speech acts have become part of every communication.Speech acts are a form of communication event that has a specific function, purpose, and purpose and has an influence or effect on the interlocutor.This does not happen by itself because there are aspects that connect it, namely the context, the speaker and the interlocutor, the purpose of the speech, speech as a form of action or activity, and speech as a product of verbal acts.
This research will also be based on a pragmatic approach, meaning that the analysis will focus on the speech acts contained in Donald Trump's speech at the Capitol Building Washington DC via youtube media.The purpose of using pragmatics in this study is to analyze the types of speech acts in a literary work.Wiyatmi (2006) states that pragmatics is an approach that makes literary works as a medium to convey certain goals to readers.Based on this, it can be concluded using a pragmatic approach.This research will examine and learn about the types of speech acts based on the message conveyed by Donald Trump in his speech.

Illocutionary Acts
Illocutionary acts are Speakers form speech with several functions in the mind.Illocutionary acts are displayed through the communicative emphasis of an utterance.An utterance, in addition to functioning to say or inform, can also be used to do something.When this happens, the speech act formed is an illocutionary act.The illocutionary act is referred to as "The Act of Doing Something." Illocutionary acts are acts done by saying something, such as making a statement or promise, issuing an order or request, formalizing the name of a company, and so on.In other words, an illocutionary act is an act of language whose meaning is not an explicit one but an implied one (Rani, 2000: 161).Regarding illocutionary acts developed five types of theory, namely representative acts, directive acts, commissive acts, expressive acts, and declarative acts.

Representative
Representative illocutionary speech acts are speech acts that involve the truth or believed by the speaker.For example, stating, suggesting, informing, proposing, demanding, and reporting (Suryatin, 2016: 19).A representative is a form of speech act in which the truth of the proposition expressed is bound by the speaker, for example stating, suggesting, boasting, complaining, claiming (Rachman, 2015: 4).A representative speech act is a form of speech act that is a statement that the speaker believes that his speech is a case or not, for example, speech that is factual, affirms, concludes, and describes, and the speaker's statement contains the truth.Representative speech acts bind speakers with the truth of their speech, such as informing a situation or event, describing, reporting, statements, conjectures, and others (Darwis, 2018: 3).Representative illocutionary speech actions are speech forms that bind or involve the speaker's truth, according to the opinions of numerous theories discussed above.Declare, report, display, and mention are among the practical functions included in this section.

Directive
A directive illocutionary act is a type of speech act that intends to give effect or effect through the speech made by the speech partner.For example, ordering, asking, begging, ordering, inviting.This directive illocutionary act is an illocutionary category that emphasizes, politeness, and competitiveness (Yule, 2014: 83).Directive speech acts, namely the forms of speech acts that have a purpose certain in the speaker's speech so that the interlocutor takes action.For example, ordering, ordering, requesting, advising, recommending, and so on (Rachman, 2015: 5).A directive speech act is a form of speech act in which the speaker utters a sentence that aims to produce an action from a speech partner, for example, ordering, ordering, giving advice, requesting, inviting, all of that, including directive speech acts.An imperative sentence is one that aims to command or ask someone to do something.

Commissive
Commissive illocutionary acts are types of speech acts that bind the speaker to future actions.For example, promising, offering say a prayer.This commissive illocutionary act serves to encourage and lessen competition because it does not involve the interests of speakers (Yule, 2014: 84).Commissive speech acts are speech acts in which future actions are bound by the speaker.This type of speech act states the various intentions spoken by the speaker, for example, speech acts in the form of threats, refusals, agreements, pledges (Darwis, 2018: 3).Based on the understanding of commissive speech acts from the various theories above, it can be concluded that commissive speech acts are speech forms that have a speech purpose or intent that affects future actions.The sub-functions contained are promise, swear, declare commitment, and threaten.

Expressive
The expressive illocutionary act has the function of expressing the speaker's feelings.Yule (2014) explains that speech acts reflect a psychological state in the form of expressions of joy, difficulty, joy, hatred, pleasure, or misery (Yule, 2014: 84).The expressive speech act is a form of speech act in which the speaker's speech is influenced by his psychological state.This speech act describes a statement that is felt or the psychological state of the speaker, namely in the form of statements criticizing, thanking, praising, congratulating, complaining, joy, difficulty, misery, and hatred (Darwis, 2018: 3).Based on the understanding of expressive speech acts from the various theories above, it can be concluded an action that reflects the speaker's feelings from a statement that is said.The sub-functions contained are praise, thanksgiving, blaming, flattering, congratulating, criticizing, and complaining.

Declarative
Declarative speech is a speech act that links the contents of a proposition with the actual reality, for example, to sentence, to baptize, to name, and to determine (Yule, 2014: 84).The act of declaration is an action that intends or aims to change the situation to create new things through the stated speech.For example, speech that intends to decide, grant, lift, ratify, prohibit, cancel, allow, help, forgive (Darwis, 2018: 3).According to (Rachman, 2015: 5) declarative acts are types of speech acts whose contents are bound by truth or reality, such as surrendering, baptizing, firing, appointing, naming, excommunicating, and punishing.Based on the understanding of declarative speech acts from the various theories above, it can be concluded that declarative acts are actions that aim to produce a change and have the truth of the statement such as deciding, granting, ratifying.

Research Design
This article is descriptive qualitative research methods to study speech acts in the speech of Donald Trump.A research design according to Perreault and McCarthy (2006: 176) explains that qualitative research is a type of research that aims to dig deep and open information on various responses.This research tries to get people to share their thoughts on a topic without giving them much guidance or direction.The researcher argues that qualitative techniques should be used because some of the ideas that have been presented above to support the validity of the research have then been expanded to make structured conclusions about the reasons or main problems of the study.The purpose of qualitative research is to explore and understand the meaning of certain social problems, both individually and in groups.This research process will be discussed descriptively to explain the forms of speech acts that occur in Donald Trump speech.

The Sources of Data
The source of data for this research will vary.This research will contain various data from several sources that related to illocutionary speech acts.However, in particular the main source of data for This research will of course be taken from the results of research in Donald Trump speech.Several data analysis procedures in this study were observing, listening, clarifying, categorizing, and describing.As for the purpose of completing this research, the researcher will also use several sources as secondary data to support information in the knowledge of speech acts in the recitation process.Secondary data will be obtained through journals, articles, and some previous studies related to speech acts.

Data Collection Procedure
The author followed several steps while collecting the data.a. See and Listen to the speech of Donald Trump on YouTube.b.Write a speech delivered by a president, Donald Trump.c. Highlighting and detecting utterances that are close to the illocutionary act, then relating them with the opinions of experts.d.Categorize utterances that are included in speech acts, especially those in illocutionary acts.

Data Analysis
Data analysis in this article was carried out during the process of collecting data a research data.The technique of data analysis from Miles and Huberman.According to Miles and Haberman (1994, p.10).There are three steps in analyzing the qualitative data namely; Data reduction, data display, conclusion drawing and verification as follows: a. Data Condensation / Data Reduction is transcribing speech act of Donald Trump in Youtube.
After that, analyze by identifying illocutionary speech contained in the video.The next step is to analyze the meaning of each sentence of illocutionary speech acts, then classify speech forms the illocutionary, then the speech functions the illocutionary that appears are also classified, and analyze the context of the situation in the movie.b.Data Display comes after the data goes through the reduction process, the next data display.
The author will show the utterances that are included in the types of illocutionary and show the functions that exist in the conversation based on Searle theories.After that, the writer analyzed the context in the video.c.Making conclusion is the final step in data analysis.Drawing and verifying conclusions from the entire process of data analysis that has been carried out.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
The research was conducted through Donald Trump's speech on YouTube.The findings contained 30 extracts of the types of illocutionary speech acts found in transcripts related to speech in the study.The extract shown is a description with deep insight into the illocutionary speech act.The types and functions of illocutionary speech acts in this paper, the author will only discuss the types and functions of illocutionary acts contained in "Donald Trump's speech in The Capitol Building Washington DC".As for the research results are presented in the form of a description of each speech uttered by Donald Trump.

Representative
Representative speech acts are speech acts that involve the truth or believed by the speaker.For example, stating, suggesting, informing, proposing, demanding, and reporting (Suryatin, 2016: 19).This kind of illocutionary act's purpose is to make a statement.This type of illocutionary conduct is used by speakers to convey information.Examples of this kind of illocutionary deed have been observed, such as: Extract 1: Donald Trump: "We The citizens of America are now joined in a great national effort rebuild our country." From the extract above, including the type of illocutionary, i.e., stating something.Based on Donald Trump's words above, it is saying something because Donald Trump announced that he and the American people have joined in the effort to build America.In this case, Donald Trump is stating something that has already happened in his speech.It was seen when Donald Trump said, "We the citizens of America are now joined."so that people feel happy and proud.
Extract 2: Donald Trump: "Washington flourished but the people did not share in its wealth." From the extract above, it belongs to the illocutionary type, namely stating something.Based on Donald Trump's words above, something is said because Donald Trump said that Washington is a very developed city, but there is still a lot of poverty among American people.So, he said many rich people don't want to give their wealth to anyone.In this case, Donald Trump stated something around him.This can be seen when Donald Trump said, "Washington flourished but the people did not share in its wealth", so that people feel concerned and sad.
Extract 3: Donald Trump: "Politicians prospered but the jobs left, and the factories closed." The following extract above, it shows the type of illocutionary, namely giving information facts.The speaker uses this type of illocutionary act to state something so that other people know about what happened.In the words of Donald Trump, "Politicians prospered but the jobs left, and the factories closed."Donald Trump conveyed the facts that happened to his people, regarding the condition of the American economy which was experiencing many problems.so that listeners can know the condition of America at the moment.

Directive
Extract 4: Donald Trump: "Together, we will determine the course of America and the world for years to come." Based on the extract above, the utterances expressed by Donald Trump are included in directive order utterances.The purpose of this phrase is to convey to listeners that he and the American people must try because they are the ones who will determine America's future.The utterance uttered is a request from the speaker.Judging from the context that supports it, the utterances expressed by speakers are included in the directive order.The listeners also responded to the speakers' utterances by sounding in unison while showing their readiness.
Extract 5: Donald Trump: "Together, We Will Make America Strong Again," From the speech above, looking at the context behind the speech, the phrase uttered by Donald Trump is an assertive order.The speaker gives a message to his interlocutor about the America they live in must continue to struggle from time to time.The speaker asked that all American people have the strength to build America again, after going through difficult times before.The response given by the speech partners was to clap their hands together.
Extract 6: Donald Trump: "We will reinforce old alliances and form new ones and unite the civilized world against Radical Islami Terrorism.gether, We Will Make America Strong Again." From the utterances above, the utterances expressed by these speakers fall into the category of directive orders.The speaker invites the speech partner that he wants to combine old and new alliances to fight radical Islamic terrorism.The speaker reveals the truth of the information to be done.The meaning of the speech uttered by Donald trump is in accordance with the context behind it, so that it can be said with directive orders speech acts.The response given by the speech partners when they hear the speaker's statement is clapping their hands while cheering enthusiastically.

Commissive
Extract 7: Donald Trump: "We will face challenges, we will confront hardships, but we will get the job done." From the extract above, the utterances made by speakers are included in the speech category of commissive pledges.The speaker said that there would be many challenges and difficulties to be faced so that Donald Trump promised the American people to finish the unfinished work.The speech intends to emphasize to the listeners regarding the activities that will be carried out in the future so that there will be no disappointment among American citizens.the statements disclosed are included in the commissive pledges.The listener's response is to follow the speaker's orders.
Extract 8: Donald Trump: "Every decision on trade, on taxes, on immigration, on foreign affairs, will be made to benefit American workers and American families." In the following extract above, the speaker's utterances are entered into the form of commissive pledges.The speaker informs the government's policies to benefit American citizens.In this case, Donald Trump makes a promise to listeners to make decisions that benefit their citizens, so that their lives will prosper.The speech partner's response after hearing the statement was feeling confident and happy.
Extract 9: Donald Trump: "We will bring back our jobs, we will bring back our borders, we will bring back our wealth, and we will bring back our dreams." From the extract above, the Speaker promised something to his listeners regarding unresolved problems in the previous government.The utterances expressed by speakers to their citizens are included in the form of commissive pledges illocutionary speech acts.Donald trump informed the American people about several things.The speaker also speaks according to reality.The action taken by the speech partner regarding the speaker's statement is amazed.This can be seen from the visible facial expressions.

Expressive
Extract 10: Donald Trump : "They have been magnificent." In the extract above, the utterances used fall into the expressive like category.The speaker expressed his admiration for his citizens who have jointly built America.on the intent of the speaker to talk about it so that the listener feels proud of his efforts.Sentences expressed by the speaker responded well by the partner he said.Donald Trump expressed his thanks aimed at his listeners.
Extract 11: Donald Trump: "A new national pride will stir our souls, lift our sights, and heal our divisions." Based on the extract above, the speech of Donald Trump who acts as a speaker and residents on the street as speech partners.The speaker reveals that such utterances are expressive like.The speaker tells the interlocutor to feel proud of the American government that takes care of all American citizens.The response made by the speech partner when Donald uttered the sentence was that the residents immediately cheered enthusiastically according to what the speaker said.
Extract 12: Donald Trump: "you came by tens of millions to become part of historic movement." In the extract above, Donald Trump's speech shows the number of illocutionary results, namely counting.This type can make the listener feel more confident and enthusiastic about carrying out an order.In the words of Donald Trump, "You came with 10 million people to be part of the historic movement," including the goal of wanting to tell the amount to the people, so that the people feel confident and proud to be American citizens.

Declarative
Extract 13: Donald Trump: "We all bleed the same, we all enjoy the same glorious Freedoms." From the extract above, it is the illocutionary in the form of giving equality.According to Donald Trump's speech that he said "We all bleed the same, we all enjoy the same glorious freedoms", this remarks were indirectly delivered to give someone's blood in terms of freedom with one's freedom.The speaker to the listener, hoping that many could feel freedom in Donald Trump's reign.So that the people can feel the freedom that is said.Extract 14: Donald Trump: "This is your day, this is your celebration."Based on extract above, speakers who speak like that are included in the form of declarative speech.The intention of the speaker is to inform that today is the day of pride for Americans, so celebrate your day with pleasure.The speech partner also responds to the utterances said by the speaker, namely by being happy and proud of this inauguration day.So, the speaker's speech can be categorized as declarative because the speech partner responds to the speaker's speech.
Extract 15: Donald Trump: "January 20th 2017, will be remembered as the day the people became the rulers of this nation again." Based on extract above, speakers who speak like that are included in the form of declarative speech.The speaker's intention is to declare that January 20th 2017 is the day of the American people for electing a new leader.The speech partner also responds to the utterances said by the speaker, namely giving a voice simultaneously to the leader with a face that looks happy.So, the speaker's speech can be categorized as declarative.
The data obtained and discussed are the utterances used in dialogue video "Donald Trump's speech in The Capitol Building Washington DC" on youtube.In this study discusses the form and function of illocutionary speech acts in the video "Donald Trump's speech in The Capitol Building Washington DC".Form of speech act the illocutionary in this research is based on Searle's theory.Searle divides the forms of illocutionary speech into five forms, namely representative, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative.The forms of illocutionary speech acts in the film "Donald Trump's speech in The Capitol Building Washington DC" are 30 illocutionary extracts.
There are 10 extracts of representative speech acts, 7 extracts of directive speech acts, 4 extracts of commissive speech acts, 6 extracts of expressive speech acts, and 3 extracts of declarative speech acts.Representative utterances are divided into three forms, namely expressing 4 utterances, assertion 4 utterances, and give conclusions 2 utterances.Directive speech there are three forms namely orders with 3 utterances, suggestion 2 utterances, command 2 utterances.Commissive speech exists two kinds, commissive pledges 3 utterances, and promises there is one extract.As for expressive utterances, there are two forms, expressive like with 2 utterances, sorrow 4 utterances.declarative speech there are 3 extracts.The discussion of the results of this study shows that illocutionary speech acts are very attached to everyone, especially state leaders.The researcher shows illocutionary speech acts in accordance with the data analysis and its findings, there are several points that are considered necessary for discussion in this research.This study found that illocutionary acts are acts performed by saying something, such as making statements or promises, issuing orders or requests, formalizing the name of a company, and so on.In other words, illocutionary acts are language acts whose meaning is not stated but implied (Rani, 2000: 161).Regarding illocutionary acts, five types of theories were developed, namely representative acts, directive acts, commissive acts, expressive acts, and declarative acts.Every utterance has a meaning in it that must be known.In this case, it was found that Donald Trump implemented five of them when he ruled his people, pleaded with his citizens, promised something, liked the performance of the previous government, stated America's development and many more.The speaker also uses his powers in addressing the American public.

CONCLUSION
This article found the results of research of Donald Trump's illocutionary speech acts have five forms of speech, namely: 1) Representative speech in the form of a report, concluding 2) Speech directive, like, command, beg, invite, forbid, and request, 3) commissive speech in the form of rejection and agreement, 4) expressive speech in the form of thanks, apologies, and congratulations.5) declarative speech in the form of giving orders based on power and declaring.
It can be said that Donald Trump is able to produce illocutionary speech acts.so too, Donald trump is capable expressing sympathy and empathy through expressive speech, including promising something through commissive speech.Previously Donald Trump can put the position of a good and clear speaker and use more polite speech when addressing listeners.Donald Trump also uses a lot Present Future sentences in delivered the content of his inauguration speech and also a lot use the pronoun "we" to whatever the contents of the speech what he said was not just referring to himself but to the whole the American people.