Digital Literacy based Instruction in Teaching English in EFL Classroom

This study aims to determine the teachers perceive on digital literacy in Indonesia English As A Foreign Language Classroom, to know the implemented of digital literacy in teaching English in Indonesia English As a Foreign Language Classroom, and how digital literacy impact on students’ performance in Indonesia EFL classroom. This research adopts case study, where the research subject are two teachers all the English teachers and 23 students which consisted 15 females and 8 males. in this research of the result shows both of the teachers have a high perception on digital literacy in Indonesia EFL Classroom, the researcher finds there are 3 steps of implementing digital literacy in EFL classroom such as plan, action, and reflection, and the impact of digital literacy in students’ English performance shows a positive result on students’ English performance.


INTRODUCTION
Today, the development of technology is an essential part of 21st century education.The utilize of technology in learning has become a necessity and one of the aspects that every student must master.to adapt to ever-changing times.Expectations through the educational process can help train students' technological abilities to apply in everyday life, namely in the learning process.By encouraging students to utilize technology as a means of learning, it will enrich their learning experience.Therefore, assessing students' technological knowledge to determine the appropriate use of technological resources is important.In this millennium era of the students are known as digital natives as they grow up with technology almost in their daily lives.It is unfortunate that this digital generation is so reckless in using digital technology.To improve students' digital skills, teachers must also have digital knowledge.The more digitally savvy a teacher is, the teacher is getting more comfortable.Teachers of Indonesia believe that language learning should integrate various technologies to improve students' language skills (Cahyani & Cahyono, 2012).
Media literacy adapts learning styles of students in auditory and kinesthetic learning.Therefore, in the millennium era, teachers are required to possess the necessary skills to exploit digital technology.
The success of digital literacy in the classroom is completely tied to the teacher's role not only as a teacher but also as a facilitator in the educational learning process.Young (2008), said the teachers, students, and overall technology use depend on how the technology use by teacher in the classroom, so teachers' lack of skills becomes a major barrier to adoption.Devices of technological in the educational learning process.In that case, the generation gap and digital divide become a serious problem.According to Park and Burford (2013), the digital divide can be summarized as the gap between those who can and cannot operate in the digital age and the gap between those who can and cannot access information.through digital technology.This term is often associated with generation.The gap represents generations of technology.
Paul Gilster 1997 was first introduced digital literacy, Paul explains what digital literacy means.He believes that "digital literacy is the ability to understand and use information in a variety of formats from a variety of sources when presented through a computer."Initially, the use of computers used only text-based applications, but with time, digital culture also grew more and more and was used in many different aspects, such as education, economics and many other fields.Hansen (2003), literacy of technological is an individual's ability to apply, adapt, explore, and evaluate technology to positively impact their lives, communities, and the environment.Added Eisenberg and Johnson (2002), who proposed the definition as the ability to use technology to build organizations, conduct research, or solve problems.An individual must understand and know what technology is, how it is processed, how it shapes society and how society shapes it to talk about technological culture.While Becta (2010) also defines technological literacy as the combination of skills, knowledge and understanding that individuals must have in order to be able to respond adequately and safely in a new world.The digital world is endless and digital literacy includes four aspects, that is skills of technological, skills of thinking, collaboration.social skills and awareness.In the context of life, it is very important for someone to be aware of his or her own digital development and realize that digital culture is a continuous process that depends on the needs of the situation, such as for field work and education.Those who are not digitally savvy will be weakened as the world is heavily influenced by digital technology.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Twing in Zhang & Zhu (2016) describes about digital literacy it as the skill to become an effective citizen in the 21st century, including understanding the features and characteristics of technology numbers and the impact of digital identity and management capabilities.Understand, evaluate, share and communicate information using digital technology and interact in the digital world securely.In the context of this study, Koltay's (2011) definition of "digital literacy," which refers to the effective use of information and communication technology (ICT), is close to our goal.is to focus specifically on teachers' use of digital media in EFL teaching.and learning process.Trilling & Fadel (2009) classified three elements of digital literacy skills that students should possess as part of their learning process.These are information literacy, media literacy and information and communication technology knowledge.Mussen (1973), perception is the process by which information is received by sensory organs (e.g.eyes, ears, nose and skin), this information is converted into perceptions of what we think, see, hear, smell, taste, or touch.Kumar (2010) Tell the concept of cognition from the perspective of philosophy, psychology and cognitive science: "cognition is the process of achieving consciousness or understanding sensory information".It also defines that perception is the process of selecting, organizing and interpreting.someone's stimulus to come up with a coherent and meaningful picture of the world.In other words, by going through the cognitive process, people can interpret their ideas meaningfully based on what they see, hear, taste, smell, and touch.
Handini (2014) argues that these aspects play a decisive role and influence a person's perception.There are also certain factors that influence a person's perception; it includes internal and external factors.As for internal factors, an individual's perception will be influenced by someone's psychological factors, thoughts, feelings, motivations, and attention.On the other hand, for external factors, it is influenced by external factors such as stimuli, environment, culture, and beliefs.
According to the above explanation, perception is the process of receiving information that can be transmitted through many means such as ears, eyes, nose, skin, and perception is different for each person depending on the factors that affect it.

Research Method
This research adopted a case study.According to Yin (2009), is an empirical study that studies a contemporary phenomenon in depth and in its real-world context, especially when the boundary between the phenomenon and the context is unclear.clear; and where multiple sources of evidence are used, it is also useful for describing a situation or phenomenon occurring in the present, where thorough description is useful and the researcher does not need to manipulate events.

Research Subject
The subject of this research are two English teachers.The teachers are civil servant, and they are also certified teachers with minimal five years teaching experience and have at least master's degree with age about 35 years old and 23 students which consists 15 females and 8 males to be observed during this research and the class is the sixth semester students of Tarbiyah faculty of IAIN Bone (State Institute Islamic Studies) Bone.

Research Instrument
In conducting this research, the researcher uses 3 instruments, Birmingham & Wilkinson (2003), states that observation is a process that pump the researchers to know facts straight to the real world.The research will conduct direct observation.Observation is a process that can watch behavior of the participants which may not be detected truthfully using other methods, Interview engages some form of direct contact between respondents in the sample and the researcher as the interviewer who presents the questions to each respondent and records their response.

Technique of Data Analysis
The researcher employed qualitative data analysis based on Miles es al. ( 2014), which consists of four processes, namely data collection, data display, data condensation, conclusion drawing, and verification, to analyze the classroom interview data.

FINDINGS Teachers perception on Digital literacy in Indonesia EFL classroom
During the interview, the researcher wanted to reveal teachers perceive on digital literacy in in Indonesia EFL Classroom.Interviewing is the preferred data collection method when the goal is to gain insight or explain a particular event.
Extract 1. Related to lecturer opinion what do you think about digital literacy?OK, digital literacy is a new subject in IAIN Bone, especially in this educational department.It's been taught here since 2016.Before that, there is no digital literacy, but Digital literacy is very important because.As we as we know.Today is the era of digital.All, all the human aspect, human aspect in life uses digital technology.So, I think that we need to introduce how to use digital in terms of education.
(interviewed with the first teacher)

Extract 2
So here my answer is digital literacy uh is a crucial skill in today's world it is encompassing the ability to utilize technology effectively especially for communication information also for critical thinking especially in teaching English as a foreign language digital literacy I can say it offers valuable opportunities for interactive learning and also access to authentic language learning resources however it also requires an educating students on responsible technology use and striking a balance between traditional and digital literacy skills.
(interviewed with the second teacher) The extract 1 and 2 which is address the both of the lecturer related to what is their opinion about the digital literacy, and part of the teachers agree that the digital literacy is one of the crucial skill now days spatially for communication information and also for critical thinking and teaching and one of the teachers also agreed that the digital literacy has to be introduced and taught in city last fall in order to help the student to face the digital word thus, based on the teacher interview it can be conclude that the teachers opinion about the digital literacy can be classified as the positive perception.
Extract 3 Related to the kind of digital literacy do you use?When teaching, I usually use PC kind of a kind of laptop and then projector, Internet and telephone (cell phone).That's all.
(Interviewed with the first teacher) Extract 4 I employ digital literacy for teaching specially technology for interactive learning like zoom or some kinds of applications that available in the smartphone and I also use some of Internet sources uh that related through any teaching and learning activity.
(Interviewed with the second teacher) Based on extract 3 and 4 related to digital literacy that addressed to the teachers is related to the digital literacy use when teaching and learning in the classroom and best on the teachers' answers, both of the teachers use technology interactive learning like zoom and application in a smartphone laptops and projector in order to support their teaching and learning post process in the classroom related to digital literacy.
Extract 5 Which digital literacy that really affect to students' performance?I think so because digital literacy is one of the subjects here, and all of them I think can affect students' performance less or more.So, they need to master how to use digital technology in order to pass this lecture.
(Interviewed with the first teacher) Extract 6 OK well in my experience the aspect of digital literacy that most positively impacts the students' performance is the ability to access authentic language resources for example engaging with the real world materials like articles, videos, and social media contents which enhance listening comprehension and vocabulary and also cultural awareness the authentic language resources also increases their motivation and students language proficiency which is leading them to improve uh better performance in English.So, I think uh the ability to access information is the most digital literacy that really affect the students.
(Interviewed with the second teacher) Based on extract 5 and 6 related to the digital literacy that addressed to the teachers is what kind of the digital literacy that really affect the students' performance specially in the classroom and the first teacher said the digital literacy is a very important subject in this semester and they have to be master to all kind of the digital technology and they have to pass the subject and for the second teachers assume that the ability to access authentic language material like for example like article videos and social media content it will increase the students ability to understand the digital literacy because the second features at assumes that most of the information nowadays are available in the digital.
Extract 7 the frequency use digital literacy in teaching English?Not only in digital literacy subjects, but almost all of the subjects I thought here.I usually use laptop and then projector and sometimes using Internet.
(Interviewed with the first teacher)

Extract 8
Oh well I almost always use digital literacy for teaching English either for online teaching or offline teaching for example in online teaching I use uh Google meet, zoom, some kind of Android application like wiziz and survey application and other stuffs, for offline teaching I sometimes use oh videos online videos or the activity to access information through smartphone and then using some kind of tools uh like uh PowerPoint or any uh presentation stuffs for teaching.
(Interviewed with the second teacher) Based on extract 7 and 8 related to the digital literacy that address to the teachers is how often the teachers used the digital literacy in teaching English in the classroom, both of the teachers agree that they always use the digital literacy when pitching English not only for teaching English but another subject, in addition the second teachers also use a digital literacy for hybrid learning an online and luring glass for example like using smartphone and you seeing some kind of tools like PowerPoint and presentation stuff Extract 9 how to keep or maintenance your students to use digital literacy?Sometimes I give them the material, which is only can be accessed by using Internet, so they have to use the digital technology in order to get the material.
(Interviewed with the first teacher)

Extract 10
So in my teaching the employ various digital literacy practices including teaching students how to find reliable information online and I also promoting interactive learning through digital learning tools and accessing authentic language resources like I said before and then I also tried to foster their critical thinking about online content and integrating multimedia materials then facilitating digital communication with students and I think this practice is in enhance their language learning and I think it and prefer students for success in the digital age.
(Interviewed with the second teacher) Based on extract 9 and 10 related to the digital literacy which is addressed to the teachers is how the teachers keep or maintains the students to use the digital literacy, and based on the teachers answer the first teacher said to keep the students use the digital literacy the teachers sometimes give the material that only can be accessed by using the digital or Internet while the second teachers employee of various digital literacy practice including teaching student how to find reliable information and apply learning to digital learning tools, facilitating the digital communication with student and practice in order to enhance their language learning.

Extract 11 How important do you think use of digital literacy in teaching EFL in classroom OK, not only EFL, but all of the subjects here. The students have to know how to deliver the material or to access the material through digital technology because digital technology is very essential nowadays, so I think. Whether we ask them to master or not, they still have to know how to use the digital technology.
(Interviewed with the first teacher) Extract 12 The use of digital literacy in teaching EFL I think is highly important it enhance engagement and also provide the access to authentic materials and it also improves language skills and equip students with essential 21st century skills so emphasizing digital literacy is prepare students for success in technology and then if in courage them to have a better learning mindset about how to use the digital in learning or teaching English.
(Interviewed with the second teacher) Based on extract 11 and 12 related to the digital literacy which is addressed to the teachers is how important the digital literacy use in teaching English in the classroom, in this case based on the teachers interview and the teachers answer but if the teachers agree that the use of the digital literacy in teaching English foreign language in the classroom is a very important because they think that the use of the technology is a very essential nowadays event they are not mastering the use of the digital literacy at least they understand the use of the digital literacy and in addition from the second teachers the digital literacy prepares students for success in technology and encourage them to have a better mindset learning about how to use the digital literacy in teaching English.
Additionally, the researcher classified the teachers perceive based on highly perceived, moderate perceived and low perceived, those are can be seen in table 1  As we as we know.Today is the era of digital.All, all of the human aspect, human aspect in life uses digital technology.So, I think that we need to introduce how to use digital in terms of education.
(interviewed with the first teacher) Extract 2 so here my answer is digital literacy uh is a crucial skill in today's world it is encompassing the ability to use technology effectively especially for communication information and also for critical thinking especially in teaching English as a foreign language digital literacy I can say it offers valuable opportunities for interactive learning and also access to authentic language learning resources however it also requires an educating students on responsible technology use and striking a balance between traditional and digital literacy skills (interviewed with the second teacher) Extract 4 I employ digital literacy for teaching specially technology for interactive learning like zoom or some kinds of applications that available in the smartphone and also, I also use some of Internet sources uh that related through any teaching and learning activity (Interviewed with the second teacher) Extract 5 I think so because digital literacy is one of the subjects here, and all of them I think can affect students' performance less or more.So, they need to master how to use digital technology in order to pass this lecture.
(Interviewed with the first teacher) Extract 6 OK well in my experience the aspect of digital literacy that most positively impacts the students' performance is the ability to access authentic language resources for example engaging with the real world materials like articles, videos, and social media contents which enhance listening comprehension and vocabulary and also cultural awareness the authentic language resources also increases their motivation and students language proficiency which is leading them to improve uh better performance in English.So, I think uh the ability to access information is the most digital literacy that really affect the students (Interviewed with the second teacher) Extract 8 Oh well I almost always use digital literacy for teaching English either for online teaching or offline teaching for example in online teaching I use uh Google meet, zoom, some kind of Android application like wiziz and survey application and other stuffs, for offline teaching I sometimes use oh videos online videos or the activity to access information through smartphone and then using some kind of tools uh like uh PowerPoint or any uh presentation stuffs for teaching.
(Interviewed with the second teacher) Extract 10 so in my teaching the employ various digital literacy practices including teaching students how to find reliable information online and I also promoting interactive learning through digital learning tools and accessing authentic language resources like I said before and then I also tried to foster their critical thinking about online content and integrating multimedia materials then facilitating digital communication with students and I think this practice is in enhance their language learning and I think it and prefer students for success in the digital age.
(Interviewed with the second teacher) Extract 11 OK, not only EFL, but all of the subjects here.The students have to know how to deliver the material or to access the material through digital technology because digital technology is Very essential nowadays, so I think.Whether we ask them to master or not, they still have to Know how to use the digital technology.With that.
(Interviewed with the first teacher) Extract 12 The use of digital literacy in teaching EFL I think is highly important it enhance engagement and also provide the access to authentic materials and it also improves language skills and equip students with essential 21st century skills so emphasizing digital literacy is prepare students for success in technology and then if in courage them to have a better learning mindset about how to use the digital in learning or teaching English (Interviewed with the first teacher)

Extract 7
Not only in digital literacy subjects, but almost all of the subjects I thought here.I usually use laptop and then projector and sometimes using Internet.
(Interviewed with the first teacher)

Extract 9
Sometimes I give them the material, which is only can be accessed by using Internet, so they have to use the digital technology in order to get the material.
(Interviewed with the first teacher) 3 Low Perceived

The digital literacy implemented in EFL Classroom
To know how the teacher implemented the digital literacy in the classroom, the researcher applied the observation checklist which the researcher was observing the lecturer during the class and fill the observation paper based on the researcher found in the classroom.Based on the table the teachers opens the class and begin to check the attendance list, and before the class students are praying together, after that the lecturer begin to explain about the subject and divide the students into some groups and give them some topics to be presented and discussed, in discussion the teacher asks group one by one to present the material and give other group to ask questions, in the end of the meeting the teacher conclude and reexplain about the material and close the class.And based on the explanation above the researcher can see that the teachers have 3 steps in implementing digital literacy in EFL classroom such as: plan, action, and reflection, where plan is the lecturer provide the material, media and learning subject, action is the lecturer begin to explain the material to the students, supervise the students during the discussion, and reflection is giving conclusion evaluation.Based on the table 4 related to students opinion the use of the digital literacy gives many benefits on learning, 14 students or 60.86% very agree that the use of the digital literacy gives many benefits on learning process while seven students or 30.43% agree that the use of the digital literacy gives many benefits on learning process where 2 students state neither agree nor disagree or 8.69% the use of the digital literacy gives many benefits on learning process, and none of the students state disagree that the use of digital literacy give many benefits on learning process, and no students choose fairly disagree or 0% that the use of the digital literacy gives many benefits on learning, so based on the data above the researcher can conclude that the use of the digital literacy gives many benefits on learning process with the present age 60 poem 86%.Based on the table related to students opinion about the digital literacy effect on their performance we can see that 14 students very agree or 60.86% state that the digital literacy are really effect on their performance, nine students or 39.13% state they agree that the digital literacy effect on their performance and non-student neither agree nor disagree or 0% state the digital literacy effect on their performance keep the same case with disagree and very disagree which is none of the students or 0% state that the digital literacy effect on their performance.Thus, based on the table above the researcher can conclude that the students very agree that that use of digital literacy can affect on their performance with the percentage 60.86%

DISCUSSIONS
Twing in Zhang & Zhu (2016) state the skills needed to be an effective citizen in the 21st century, including understanding the features and characteristics of digital technology and the impact of identity numbers, the ability to manage, understand, evaluate, and share.Furthermore, communicate information using digital technology and interact in the digital world securely.Becta (2010) also defines technological literacy as the combination of skills, knowledge and understanding that individuals must possess to be able to adequately and safely function in a digital world.Infinite digital and digital literacy includes four aspects, namely technology skills, critical thinking, collaboration skills and social awareness.In the context of life, it is very important for someone to be aware of his or her own digital evolution and realize that digital culture is a continuous process that depends on the needs of the situation, such as for field work and education.
As English learning, there will be many opportunities to extend English language acquisition beyond the classroom.Since learners can maintain their knowledge digitally, they can be creative and communicate with others through online platforms.This situation can provide unlimited English acquisition activities.Related to this description, digital literacy skills can be included among the four language skills: speaking, listening, reading, and writing.

CONCLUSION
Based on the explanation above related to teacher perception on digital literacy in Indonesia EFL classroom can be categorized as highly perception because both of the lecturers have the same perception that digital literacy is very essential now days and can help them to get material form internet by digital device.
How the lecturer implements digital literacy in teaching EFL classroom, they use 3 steps in implementing digital literacy in EFL classroom such as: plan, action, and reflection, where plan is the lecturer provide the material, media and learning subject, action is the lecturer begin to explain the material to the students, supervise the students during the discussion, and reflection is giving conclusion evaluation.
The digital literacy impact on students' English performance in the classroom, based on the finding most of the students believe that the when teachers use the digital literacy in teaching process it can help the students to find information in the Internet because also the teachers allow the digital devices such as mobile phone and laptop used during the class because of that the students believe that the digital literacy really affect to their performance

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When teaching, I usually use PC kind of a kind of laptop and then projector, Internet and telephone (cell phone).
OK, digital literacy is a new subject in IAIN Bone, especially in this educational department.It's been taught here since 2016.Before that, there is no digital literacy, but Digital literacy is very important because.